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Phobia Hypnotherapy
How psychotherapy changes the brain--the contribution of functional neuroimaging.
A thorough investigation of the neural effects of psychotherapy is needed in order to provide a neurobiological foundation for widely used treatment protocols. This paper reviews functional neuroimaging studies on psychotherapy effects and their methodological background, including the development of symptom provocation techniques. Studies of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) effects in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) were consistent in showing decreased metabolism in the right caudate nucleus. Cognitive behavioural therapy in phobia resulted in decreased activity in limbic and paralimbic areas. Interestingly, similar effects were observed after successful intervention with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) in both diseases, indicating commonalities in the biological mechanisms of psycho- and pharmacotherapy. These findings are discussed in the context of current neurobiological models of anxiety disorders. Findings in depression, where both decreases and increases in prefrontal metabolism after treatment and considerable differences between pharmacological and psychological interventions were reported, seem still too heterogeneous to allow for an integrative account, but point to important differences between the mechanisms through which these interventions attain their clinical effects. Further studies with larger patient numbers, use of standardised imaging protocols across studies, and ideally integration with molecular imaging are needed to clarify the remaining contradictions. This effort is worthwhile because functional imaging can then be potentially used to monitor treatment effects and aid in the choice of the optimal therapy. Finally, recent advances in the functional imaging of hypnosis and the application of neurofeedback are evaluated for their potential use in the development of psychotherapy protocols that use the direct modulation of brain activity as a way of improving symptoms.
Linden DE. School of Psychology, University of Wales Bangor, Bangor, UK. d.linden@bangor.ac.uk
Much has been said about the desire to change. Indeed, this is the topic of many self-help experts, personal coaches, and even professional counselors, psychologists, and other psychotherapists. However, little is ever said about why a person would want to transform.
The first thing that I notice is that there is a universal desire for happiness. While many people will never be content – even if their situation is the envy of many others – generally when a person has something that is causing a high level of dissatisfaction in their life, then they develop an urge to become...
A primary challenge with helping someone lose weight through hypnosis is the fact that eating is required for survival. Also, once a certain body image is established, this becomes a pattern that is very hard to contradict. So unlike something like smoking cessation where the use of tobacco products, which are basically poisonous to human, when working with the typical weight-loss client the goal is not cessation of regulation.
Any hypnosis session for weight-loss client therefore should focus both on increasing perceptions of safety as well as establishing a new body image. Like with just...
The term headache refers to anything in the region of the head or neck. It is a non-specific symptom of some underlying condition. Of course, it is imperative that a person who suffers headaches recurrently should seek medical advice as the underlying condition may be extremely serious. The treatment of a headache is normally accomplished with some form of analgesic. As hypnosis has proven to be a very effective form of pain management, it most certainly can be used for the treatment of headaches.
Like all other pains, the pain which is associated with a headache exists only when it's...
